Prep the pan and oven: Heat oven to 350°F (175°C). Line a 12-cup muffin tin with paper liners.
Mix dry ingredients: In a bowl, whisk 1 2/3 cups flour, 1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder, 1/4 teaspoon baking soda, and 1/2 teaspoon salt.
Cream and combine: In a large bowl, beat 1/4 cup softened butter with 3/4 cup sugar until fluffy, about 2 minutes.
Beat in 1/4 cup neutral oil.
Add eggs and flavor: Beat in 2 large eggs, one at a time. Mix in 1 tablespoon lemon zest, 2 tablespoons lemon juice, and 1 teaspoon vanilla.
Alternate dries and buttermilk: Add the dry mix in two additions, alternating with 3/4 cup buttermilk. Mix just until smooth; do not overbeat.
Prep blueberries: Toss 1 cup blueberries with 1 tablespoon flour.
Gently fold into the batter using a spatula.
Fill and bake: Divide batter evenly among liners (about 3/4 full). Bake 18–22 minutes, until tops spring back and a toothpick comes out with a few moist crumbs.
Cool: Let cupcakes rest in the pan 5 minutes, then transfer to a rack to cool completely before frosting.
Optional frosting: Beat 6 ounces cream cheese and 1/4 cup softened butter until smooth. Add 1 3/4–2 cups powdered sugar, 1 teaspoon lemon zest, 1–2 tablespoons lemon juice, 1/2 teaspoon vanilla, and a pinch of salt.
Beat until fluffy, then pipe or spread on cooled cupcakes.